314 Battle at Cibalae: Roman emperor in the west Constantine the Great, 20,000 men, beats Roman emperor in the east Licinius, 35,000 men near the city of Cibalae in Croatia.  Licinius lost 20,000 men

1480 Great Stand on the Ugra river: Standoff between forces of Akhmat Khan, Khan of the Great Horde and Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, ends with a Tatar-Mongol retreat, leading to the disintegration of the Horde

1604 Supernova "Kepler's nova" first sighted by Lodovico delle Colombe in Italy

1633 Massachusetts Bay Colony forms its first government

1645 First hospital in Montreal, Quebec founded, the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal by nurse Jeanne Mance

1769 Captain James Cook lands in New Zealand for the first time, near present-day Gisborne on the East Coast of the North Island. A misunderstanding, possibly over a ceremonial challenge causes the English to shoot and kill Ngāti Oneone leader, Te Maro

1775 Officers decide to bar slaves and free blacks from the Continental Army

1840 "Ke Kumukānāwai a me nā Kānāwai o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina, Honolulu, 1840", the 1st written Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom enacted by King Kamehameha III and Kuhina Nui (Prime Minister) Kekāuluohi

1860 Telegraph line between LA & San Francisco opens

1871 Forest fire destroys Peshtigo, Wisconsin, killing between 1,200 and 2,500 people, making it then the deadliest wildfire in recorded history

1871 The Great Chicago Fire kills an estimated 300 people and destroys over 4 square miles of buildings and the original Emancipation Proclamation

1873 First women's prison run by women opens at Indiana Reformatory Institute, one mile from downtown Indianapolis

1895 Ohio Valley Improvement Association organized at the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce to foster the canalization and improvement of the Ohio River and provide a navigable channel for uninterrupted commerce

1906 Karl Nessler demonstrates first 'permanent wave' for hair in London

1918 American soldier Alvin York single-handedly attacks German gun nest, killing at least 25 and capturing 132 Germans

1932 The Indian Air Force is established

1933 Coit Tower dedicated in San Francisco as a monument to firefighters

1934 Bruno Hauptmann is indicted for the murder of Charles Lindbergh's son

1945 Microwave oven patented by US inventor Percy Spencer

1952 112 people killed in Britain's worst peace-time rail crash at Harrow and Wealdstone, northwest London

1952 Chinese forces cross into Korea attacking UN forces

1955 World's most powerful aircraft carrier, USS Saratoga, launched

1957 Procter & Gamble director N McElroy becomes US Secretary of Defense

1958 Dr Ake Senning installs first heart pacemaker (Stockholm)

1962 North Korea reports 100% election turnout, miraculously 100% vote for the Workers' Party

1962 Spiegel scandal: Der Spiegel German magazine publishes the article "Bedingt abwehrbereit" ("Conditionally prepared for defense") about NATO maneuver called "Fallex 62", uncovering sorry state of West German army.  Magazine soon accused of treason.

1964 Gilroy Roberts becomes first US chief engraver to retire.  All others died in office.

1965 Post Office Tower opens in London, then the tallest building in England.

1969 The opening rally of the Days of Rage occurs, organized by the Weather Underground in Chicago, Illinois.

1973 OPEC meets with oil companies to discuss revision of 1971 Tehran agreement and oil prices; negotiations fail.

1974 Franklin National Bank collapses due to fraud and mismanagement; at the time it was the largest bank failure in the history of the United States.

1981 US President Ronald Reagan greets predecessors Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon before they left for Egypt to attend Anwar Sadat's funeral.

1986 Run-DMC calls for a day of peace among LA street gangs.

1988 Fire in the Space Needle causes evacuation and results in damages of $2,000 in Seattle, Washington.

1990 US doctors Joseph E. Murray & E. Donnall Thomas win Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for bone marrow transport to treat cancer and blood diseases

1991 Discovery of a African-American cemetery in Manhattan announced - largest and earliest burial ground of free and enslaved Africans in America, later a National Monument

1992 Pioneer Venus Orbiter (1st Venus orbiter-1978), crashes into Venus

1998 US House of Representatives votes to begin impeachment hearings against President Bill Clinton on charges of lying about his affair with Monica Lewinsky

2001 US President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security

2003 Britian Clive Granger and American Robert F. Engle awarded Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences “for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)”

2003 Americans Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon win the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes

2005 Magnitude 7.6 earthquake in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, kills an estimated 86,000 people across Afghanistan, India and Pakistan in the deadliest earthquake in South Asian history

2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology awarded jointly to Germay’s Harald zur Hausen (cause of cervical cancer) and France’s Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier (discovery of HIV)

2015 Once Upon a Time in Shaolin is the seventh studio album by the American hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan. Only one copy was created, with no ability to download or stream it. The only copy was purchased directly from the group in 2015 for $2 million, making it the most expensive work of music ever sold

2017 Wildfires ignite in Northern Californian wine country, killing at least 41 over the next week, with 20,000 evacuated

2019 FBI confirm Samuel Little is America's most prolific serial killer, after verifying more than half of his 93 confessed murders

2019 Montgomery, Alabama, home of the US civil rights movement, elects Steven Reed as its first black mayor in 200 years

2020 American poet Louise Glück is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature

2020 FBI charge 13 men with plotting to kidnap Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer and storm the Michigan Capitol

2022 The Kerch bridge built by Russia to link Crimea to Russia and symbol of Russia's illegal occupation of Ukraine is partly blown up, allowing only light traffic to cross

2023 Israel formally declares war on Hamas as the death toll reaches about 1,100 on both sides and Israel increases airstrikes on Gaza