338 BC Macedonian army led by Philip II defeats the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony over Greece and the Aegean Sea

216 BC Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae - Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro

1100 King William II of England (William Rufus) is killed by an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrell while hunting in the New Forest

1610 English explorer Henry Hudson enters the bay later named after him, the Hudson Bay

1695 Daniel Quare receives a British patent for his portable barometer

1776 Formal signing of the US Declaration of Independence by 56 people (date most accepted by modern historians)

1790 1st US census conducted; population is 3,929,214, including 697,624 slaves

1791 Samuel Briggs, from Philadelphia, and his son granted US patent for a nail-making machine

1819 1st parachute jump in US by Frenchman Louis-Charles Guille over Jersey City

1832 Battle of Bad Axe, Wisconsin: 1,300 Illinois militia defeat Sauk and Fox Native Americans, ending the Black Hawk War

1858 1st mailboxes installed in Boston and NYC streets

1865 Lewis Carroll publishes the children's novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"

1865 Trans Atlantic Cable being laid by SS Great Eastern between Great Britain and America snaps and is lost

1870 Tower Subway, the world's first underground tube railway, opens in London

1873 1st trial run of San Francisco cable car, Clay Street between Kearny and Jones Sts

1877 San Francisco Public Library opens with 5,000 volumes

1887 Chester A. Hodge of Beloit, Wisconsin, patents 'spur' barbed wire

1892 George A. Wheeler is granted a US patent for a prototype of the escalator

1903 Unsuccessful uprising of Macedonians against the Ottoman Empire

1909 Army Air Corps formed as Army takes 1st delivery from Wright Brothers

1909 US issues 1st Lincoln penny

1914 WWI: Russian troops invade East Prussia

1920 Marcus Garvey presents his "Back To Africa" program in NYC, encouraging the black community living abroad as slaves to return to their homelands in Africa

1922 China is hit by a typhoon; about 60,000 die

1932 American physicist Carl David Anderson discovers and photographs a positron, the first known antiparticle

1934 1st airplane train, plane tows 3 mail gliders behind it, leaves NYC and the gliders are dropped off over Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington DC

1937 Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 is passed in America, essentially rendering marijuana and all its by-products illegal

1939 Albert Einstein writes to US President FDR informing him of recent research on fission chain reactions making possible the construction of "extremely powerful bombs"

1939 US Hatch Act prohibits political activity by federal workers

1942 250 Dutch Catholics and Jews are arrested and transported to Amersfoort camp

1943 Lt John F. Kennedy's PT-boat 109 sinks at Solomon islands

1943 Armed revolt by 800 prisoners at Treblinka Extermination Camp: crematorium destroyed; 200 escape the compound, but only 100 survive

1945 After 3½ days suffering exhaustion, lack of water and shark attacks in the Philippine Sea, the surviving crew of USS Indianapolis are spotted by Wilbur “Chuck” Gwinn, a PV-1 Ventura pilot on a routine sector search. 316 had survived.

1958 American pilots Jim Heth and Bill Burkhart take off from Dallas, Texas in "The Old Scotchman", their modified Cessna 172 in an effort to break airplane flight endurance record; they fly forslightly over 50 days, eclipsing existing record by more than 3 days

1964 North Vietnam fires at US Navy destroyer USS Maddox in what becomes known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident which would eventually escalate US involvement in the Vietnam War

1964 Race riot in Jersey City, New Jersey, last for three days

1965 CBS reporter Morley Safer's sends 1st Vietnam report indicating the US is losing

1967 US Lunar Orbiter 5 is launched, enters lunar orbit on August 5

1975 104°F at Providence, Rhode Island (state record)

1975 107°F at Chester/New Bedford, Massachusetts (state record)

1983 US District Court begins trying Yonkers accused of race discrimination.  Summary: This is a school and housing desegregation case in Yonkers, New York. The initial complaint was filed by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1980, and the Yonkers branch of the NAACP intervened in 1981 to make the case a class action. After 27 years, the parties settled in 2007

1988 Raymond Acevedo (age 16) retires from pop singing boy band Menudo

1989 NASA confirmed Voyager 2's discovery of 3 more moons of Neptune designated temporarily 1989 N2, 1989 N3 & 1989 N24

1990 Iraq invades and occupies Kuwait, Emir flees to Saudi Arabia

1990 US President George H. W. Bush orders troops to Saudi Arabia

1991 Space shuttle STS 43 (Atlantis 9) launched

1994 Whitewater Congressional hearings begin

2005 MESSENGER spacecraft performs an Earth flyby

2008 "Breaking Dawn", 4th book in Stephenie Meyer's "Twilight Saga" is published by Little Brown at midnight with a print run of 3.7 million copies

2013 Carl Icahn sues computer giant Dell in an attempt to derail a buyout bid by the CEO, Michael Dell

2017 First footage of white giraffes posted by Hirola Conservation Program in north eastern Kenya

2017 First successful gene editing in human embryos to repair disease-causing mutation reported by scientists in "Nature"

2017 New crypto-currency Bitcoin Cash is created via a hard-fork of Bitcoin's blockchain technology and brand

2018 Apple becomes the first American publicly listed company to reach $1 trillion in value

2018 Oldest library in Germany confirmed unearthed in Cologne dating to 2AD, possibly held 20,000 scrolls

2019 Saudi Arabia announces news rules for women including allowing them to travel independently abroad without a male guardian's permission

2020 SpaceX Dragon capsule carrying NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken splashes down in the Gulf of Mexico, 1st commercial crewed mission

2020 United Arab Emirates starts up the Arab world's first nuclear power station at the Barakah plant

2023 Fossils from Ica desert, Peru, may be the heaviest creature that ever lived (beating the Blue Whale), named Perucetus colossus heavier bones mean it could have weighed 85 to 340 tons