636 Arabs gain control of most of the Region of Palestine from the Byzantine Empire

1253 Jews are expelled from Vienne, France by order of Pope Innocent IV

1298 Rindfleisch ("Beef") Persecutions - Jewish community in Wurzburg, Germany massacred

1579 Francis Drake departs San Francisco to cross the Pacific Ocean

1632 Three hundred colonists bound for New France, Quebec, depart from Dieppe, France

1664 4 British ships to drive Dutch out of NY, arrive in Boston

1726 Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, sails back to Philadelphia

1764 American James Otis publishes his views on taxation without representation is tyranny

1777 King Louis XVI of France and his Foreign Minister clandestinely agree to supply the United States with munitions during the American Revolution

1777 Polish military leader Casimir Pulaski arrives in Marblehead, Massachusetts, to volunteer in the Continental Army cavalry

1798 Napoleon Bonaparte captures Alexandria, Egypt

1829 William Austin Burt, from Worcester, Mass, patents America's first typewriter, the typographer

1833 Cornerstones are laid for the construction of the Kirtland Temple, for the Latter-Day Saints, in Kirtland, Ohio

1851 The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux between the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Dakota and the US government transferred ownership of much of southeastern Minnesota Territory to the United States.

1852 Private John Brown becomes the 1st interment in the National Cemetery at the Presidio in San Francisco, California.  It was the first West Coast cemetery to be part of the national cemetery system

1872 African American inventor Elijah McCoy is granted a patent for lubricators for steam-engines

Inventor Elijah McCoy

1877 First telephone and telegraph line in Hawaii is completed

1877 The first US municipal railroad, Cincinnati Southern, begins operations

1886 American civilian Steve Brodie allegedly survives a 135-foot plunge from the Brooklyn Bridge

1888 John Boyd Dunlop applies to patent the pneumatic tire

1904 Ice cream cone created during St Louis World Fair - the 1st cone reputedly by Charles E. Menches

1906 Pogroms against Jews in Odessa, Russia

1913 Arabs attack Jewish community of Rechovot, Palestine

1917 Cleveland Metropolitan Park District established in Greater Cleveland, Ohio

1930 Earthquake strikes Ariano in Italy, 1,500 killed

1937 Isolation of pituitary hormone announced (Yale University)

1944 Bretton Woods Conference ends, establishes the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, later part of the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund

1947 1st (US Navy) air squadron of jets (McDonnell FH-1 Phantom), Quonset Point, Rhode Island

1956 Bell X-2 rocket plane sets world aircraft speed record of 3,050 kph

1964 Egyptian munition ship "Star of Alexandria" explodes at dockside in Bone, Algeria. 100 die, 160 injured, $20 million damage

1966 Napoleon XIV releases the song, "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha! Ha!"

1967 43 die in race riot in Detroit (2,000 injured, 442 fires)

1967 First successful liver transplant, on 19 month old Julie Rodriguez by Dr Starzl at the University of Colorado

1968 PLO's 1st hijacking of an El Al plane

1968 Race riot in Cleveland, 11 including 3 police officers killed

1972 1st Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) is launched to document global land use change as a joint NASA / USGS program (later renamed Landsat 1)

1973 Ozark Air Lines, Flight 809, knocked out of air by lightning, lands in St Louis International Airport, killing 38 of the 44 on board

1977 A Washington DC jury convicts 12 Hanafi Muslims on hostage charges after the took over three building in Washington DC.  They were the District Building, the B'nai B'rith headquarters, and Islamic Center of Washington, were seized by twelve Hanafi Movement gunmen, who took 149 hostages

1980 River of No Return Wilderness Area, surrounding the Salmon River in Idaho, designated by US President Jimmy Carter

1982 FCC approves AM stereo radio, KTSA San Antonio goes stereo

1982 International Whaling Commission votes for total ban on commercial whaling (starting 1985)

1989 Winds gust to 85 MPH at Fort Smith, Arkansas

1994 All 40,000 ceiling tiles in the Seattle Kingdome must be replaced

1994 Space shuttle STS-65: Columbia 17, lands after record 14 days 55 mins

1995 Comet Hale-Bopp is discovered and becomes visible to the naked eye nearly a year later

2008 Cape Verde joins the World Trade Organization, becoming its 153rd member.

2015 NASA's Kepler mission announces discovery of the most Earth-like planet yet - Kepler-452b, 1,400 light years from Earth

2018 Environmental reports finds China on track to reach new emission targets, but carbon dioxide emissions risen - 9.2 billion metric tons in 2017, more than US and Europe combined

2018 Japan records its highest ever temperature at 105.98F in Kumagaya

2020 China launches its first mission to Mars, Tianwen-1, a combined orbiter, lander and rover, from Wenchang Launch Site, Hainan Island

2023 Greece mounts it biggest evacuation, moving 19,000 tourists and residents out of the path of wildfires on the island of Rhodes amid the country's hottest July in 50 years

2023 Snap election in Spain fails to produce a majority government with conservative People's Party winning most seats