1648 Cossack-Polish War: 12,000 Jews massacred by Chmielnicki hordes in Narol Podlia

1675 King Philip's War: Plymouth Colony Governor Josiah Winslow leads Plymouth, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut militias attacks against the Narragansetts, fearing they would join King Philip's cause

1749 The English Ohio Trade Company forms its first trading post, which is now the state of Ohio, to trade with Native Americans

1772 Boston: the anti-English Committee of Correspondence forms with Samuel Adams as its co-founder and primary author of the Boston Pamphlet

1783 General George Washington, later the first US President, bids farewell to his army after the American Revolutionary War

1852 Democrat Franklin Pierce elected 14th President of the United States

1859 American abolitionist John Brown found guilty of murder, inciting slaves to revolt, and treason against the Virginia Territory during his raid of Harpers Ferry Armory, and sentenced to hang

1867 The American monthly women's fashion magazine "Harper's Bazaar" is first published in New York City by Hearst

1880 James A. Garfield (R) is elected 20th President of the United States

1886 German patent granted to inventor Carl Benz for "vehicle with gas engine operation", the first automobile

1889 North Dakota becomes 39th & South Dakota becomes 40th state in the United States

1903 The British newspaper "Daily Mirror" begins publishing

1907 US banker J. P. Morgan locks over 40 bankers in his library to force them to find ways to avert the New York banking crisis

1916 WW I: Battle of Verdun: Fort Vaux reconquered from Germans by French troops without firing a shot

1917 WWI: The first US soldiers are killed in combat: Cpl. James Gresham, Pvt. Thomas Enright (Pittsburg) and Pvt. Merle Hay, all of the 1^st Division, 16^th Infantry

1920 Warren G. Harding (R) is elected President of the United States

1920 A Westinghouse radio station in East Pittsburgh, KDKA begins broadcasting, with presidential and local election returns

1924 The Sunday Express publishes its first British crossword puzzle

1932 The "Great Emu War" begins: Australian soldiers armed with Lewis Guns seek to cull the Emu population over crop destruction in Campion district, Western Australia

1947 Howard Hughes flies the "Spruce Goose", a huge wooden airplane, for the first and last time

1948 US President Harry Truman is re-elected in an upset victory over Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey

1950 The Clover Dairy Company test-market the first concentrated milk (Sealtest) in the U.S. in Wilmington, Delaware

1954 Charles Diggs Jr is elected Michigan's first black congressman to the House of Representatives

1954 Strom Thurmond is the first US senator elected by write-in votes (South Carolina)

1957 The first titanium mill is opened at Toronto, Ohio

1957 The Levelland UFO Case in Levelland, Texas, generates national publicity and remains one of the most impressive UFO cases in American history

1959 Charles Van Doren confesses during a congressional investigation that the TV quiz show "Twenty-One" was fixed

1963 Ngô Đình Diệm, the President of South Vietnam, is overthrown and assassinated in a coup by the South Vietnamese Army

1966 The Cuban Adjustment Act comes into force, allowing 123,000 Cubans opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the US

1972 Construction begins on the Kingdome in Seattle, WA

1974 78 die when the Time Go-Go Club in Seoul, South Korea burns down. Six of the victims jumped to their deaths from the seventh floor after a club official barred the doors after the fire started

1976 Democrat candidate Jimmy Carter is elected President of the United States

1977 Microbiologist Carl R. Woese and scientists from the University of Illinois announce the identification of methanogens, a form of microbial life (Archaea) dating back some 3.5 billion years

1979 Studio 54's owners are arrested for tax evasion

1983 US President Ronald Reagan signs bill establishing Dr Martin Luther King Jr. holiday

1988 The Morris worm, the first internet-distributed computer worm to gain mainstream media attention is launched from MIT, strikes Pentagon, SDI research lab and six universities

1993 Christie Todd Whitman (R) is elected the first woman governor of New Jersey

1993 Rudy Giuliani wins the New York mayoral election, becomes the first Republican mayor since 1965

2000 The first US/USSR crew arrives at the International Space Station

2004 George W. Bush is re-elected as President of the United States, defeating Democrat candidate John Kerry

2012 New York City Marathon: cancelled because of the effects of Hurricane Sandy in NYC the week before

2018 A Tiger thought to have killed 13 people shot dead after a month-long hunt near Pandharkawada, central India

2022 US Federal Reserve hikes interest rates for a fourth straight time to range of between 3.75% and 4.00%, its highest since 2008 in an effort to fight ongoing inflation

2023 Storm Ciarán batters Northern Europe and Southern England with hurricane force winds, leaving 1.2 million in France without power and at least four dead