363 Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sassanid capital, but is unable to take the city

1233 Chinese city of Kaifeng, capital of the Jurchen Jin dynasty, surrenders to the Mongols under General Subedei after a siege of more than a year

1453 Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire falls to the Ottoman Turks under Mehmed the Conqueror, ending the Byzantine Empire after 1100 years

1592 Korean navy led by Admiral Yi Sun Shin repels a Japanese fleet in the Battle of Sacheon, the first use of a Korean Turtle ship

1630 John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, begins "History of New England"

1677 Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and local Native Americans

1700 First mastectomy performed in North America at Hôtel-Dieu de Québec by royal doctor Michel Sarrazin on Sister Marie Barbier de l’Assomption (operation is successful)

1721 South Carolina formally incorporated as a royal colony

1733 The right of Canadians to keep Indian slaves is upheld in Quebec City

1765 Patrick Henry's historic speech against the Stamp Act, answering a cry of "Treason!" with, "If this be treason, make the most of it!"

1780 Battle of Waxhaw Creek: alleged massacre of 113 of Colonel Abraham Buford's continentals by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton's troops after the continentals raised a white flag

1787 "Virginia Plan" by James Madison and Edmund Randolph proposed to the Constitutional Convention advocating for a national government with three branches - legislative, executive, and judicial

1790 Rhode Island becomes last of original 13 colonies ratifying US Constitution

1848 Wisconsin becomes 30th US state

1849 Lincoln says "You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you can not fool all of the people all of the time."

1851 Sojourner Truth addresses the first Black Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio

1861 Dorothea Dix offers help in setting up hospitals for the Union Army

1884 Europe's first steam cable trams start in Highgate, London

1886 American pharmacist John Pemberton begins to advertise his patent medicine - Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia

1900 Trademark "Escalator" registered by US company Otis Elevator Co.

1905 Pogrom against Jewish community in Brisk, Lithuania

1912 15 young women are fired by Curtis Publishing in Philadelphia for dancing the "Turkey Trot" during their lunch break

1914 Norwegian ship Storstad collides with Canadian ship Empress of Ireland on St Lawrence River; 1,024 die

1916 Official flag of President of the United States adopted

1916 US forces invade Dominican Republic, stay until 1924

1919 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity, that when light passes a large body, gravity will bend the rays confirmed by Arthur Eddington's expedition to photograph a solar eclipse on the island of Principe, West Africa

1919 Iowan Charles Strite files patent for the automatic pop-up toaster

1919 The Republic of Prekmurje founded - a short-lived, unrecognised state, which on June 6, 1919 was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed "Yugoslavia" in 1929)

1932 The Bonus Army of World War I veterans begins to assemble in Washington, D.C. to request cash bonuses promised to them to be paid in 1945

1943 Meat and cheese rationed in US

1951 1st North Pole flight.  Pan American World Airways Captain Charles F. Blair, Jr., flew a modified North American Aviation P-51C Mustang, Excalibur III, from Bardufoss, Norway to Fairbanks, Alaska, via the North Pole.

1953 500th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire (to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II)

1953 Edmund Hillary (NZ) and Tenzing Norgay (Nepal) are first to reach the summit of Mount Everest as part of a British Expedition

1954 First of the annual Bilderberg conferences, fostering relations between Europe and North America held at Oosterbeek, Netherlands

1959 The British Saunders-Roe SR.N1, the first practical hovercraft, performs its first engine run

1968 The Truth in Lending Act of 1968 is a United States federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit, by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost to standardize the manner in which costs associated with borrowing are calculated and disclosed

1973 Columbia Records fires president Clive Davis for misappropriating $100,000 in funds, Davis will start Arista records

1973 Thomas Bradley elected 1st African American mayor of Los Angeles, California

1978 US 1st class postage rises to 15 cents (13 cents for 3 years)

1980 Attempted assassination on Vernon Jordan Jr, National Urban League president, in Fort Wayne, Indiana

1980 English romantic painter, JMW Turner's "Juliet & Her Nurse", sold for $6,400,000 in NYC

1982 Pentagon plans 1st strategy to fight a nuclear war

1989 Student pro-democracy protesters in Tiananmen Square, China construct a replica of the Statue of Liberty, naming it the Goddess of Democracy

1990 An earthquake hits Peru, killing over 200

1994 Great iceball comet seen above North Sea

1996 Space Shuttle STS 77 (Endeavour 11), lands

1997 Span scientists announce new human species in 780,000 year old fossil

1999 Space Shuttle Discovery completes the first docking with the International Space Station.

2001 International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers inaugurated.

2004 The Al-Khobar massacres in Saudi Arabia kill 22.  On a Saturday, four men armed with guns and bombs attacked two oil industry installations and a residential compound, in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia—the hub of the Saudi oil industry.

2004 The World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.

2011 Hong Kong student activist group Scholarism started by Joshua Wong and Ivan Lam

2012 A 5.9 magnitude earthquake kills 24 people near Bologna, northern Italy

2014 President Obama approves US military training of 'moderate' Syrian rebels to fight the regime of Bashar al-Assad and al Qaeda-linked groups

2015 Heat wave in India centered in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states is reported to have killed 1800 people in a week

2018 Death toll on Puerto Rico 70 times higher than official figure, likely 4,600 died from Hurricane Maria according to Harvard University study

2018 Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko fakes his own death with Ukrainian security services to foil an assassination plot

2019 16 people charged for setting fire to and murdering a teenager who reported sexual harassment at an Islamic school in Feni, Bangladesh

2019 World's smallest surviving baby, a girl, discharged from Sharp March Birch Hospital in San Diego after being born at 23 weeks weighing 8.6 ounces

2023 Canadian hiker Delaney Irving (19) wins perilous Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling in Brockworth, Glocestershire, England, despite being knocked unconscious